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Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors in HIV-Positive Adults Attending an Antiretroviral Clinic in Jos, Nigeria

Received: 19 November 2018     Accepted: 5 December 2018     Published: 14 January 2019
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Abstract

Clinical depression has been associated with various chronic disease conditions. The chronic course of HIV, fostered by the use of antiretroviral therapy in infected patients, puts them at risk of developing clinical depression which unfortunately, is often underdiagnosed and therefore undertreated. The study estimated the prevalence of depression and associated factors amongst adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in a clinic in Jos, using the PHQ-9 questionnaire. Three hundred and fourteen patients with a mean age of 45 ± 10 years were enrolled in a descriptive cross-sectional study. There were 63 males and 251 females, with mean known duration of HIV infection of 11 ± 4 years. Depression was found to be common in the group. Thirty one percent of the patients had depression, and of these, 83 (85%) had mild depression while 12 (12%) had moderate depression and 3 (3%) had moderately severe depression. The factors associated with depression in these patients were analysed using logistic regression. Female gender (P=0.02) as well as age equal to or greater than 45 years (P= 0.03) were shown to be significantly associated with depression. When encountered in such patients, the factors identified to be associated with depression, should serve not only to raise the index of suspicion towards this diagnosis but should also prompt the need to screen for depression. This will contribute to enhancing the chances of diagnosing and treating depression in HIV.

Published in Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care (Volume 4, Issue 4)
DOI 10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12
Page(s) 26-32
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright

Copyright © The Author(s), 2019. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Prevalence, HIV, Depression, Adult, Nigeria

References
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Cite This Article
  • APA Style

    Halima Mwuese Sule, Patricia Aladi Agaba, Raphael Onu Ojoh, Michael Terkura Agbir, Kingsley Mayowa Okonoda. (2019). Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors in HIV-Positive Adults Attending an Antiretroviral Clinic in Jos, Nigeria. Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care, 4(4), 26-32. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12

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    ACS Style

    Halima Mwuese Sule; Patricia Aladi Agaba; Raphael Onu Ojoh; Michael Terkura Agbir; Kingsley Mayowa Okonoda. Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors in HIV-Positive Adults Attending an Antiretroviral Clinic in Jos, Nigeria. J. Fam. Med. Health Care 2019, 4(4), 26-32. doi: 10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12

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    AMA Style

    Halima Mwuese Sule, Patricia Aladi Agaba, Raphael Onu Ojoh, Michael Terkura Agbir, Kingsley Mayowa Okonoda. Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors in HIV-Positive Adults Attending an Antiretroviral Clinic in Jos, Nigeria. J Fam Med Health Care. 2019;4(4):26-32. doi: 10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12

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  • @article{10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12,
      author = {Halima Mwuese Sule and Patricia Aladi Agaba and Raphael Onu Ojoh and Michael Terkura Agbir and Kingsley Mayowa Okonoda},
      title = {Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors in HIV-Positive Adults Attending an Antiretroviral Clinic in Jos, Nigeria},
      journal = {Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care},
      volume = {4},
      number = {4},
      pages = {26-32},
      doi = {10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12},
      url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12},
      eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jfmhc.20180404.12},
      abstract = {Clinical depression has been associated with various chronic disease conditions. The chronic course of HIV, fostered by the use of antiretroviral therapy in infected patients, puts them at risk of developing clinical depression which unfortunately, is often underdiagnosed and therefore undertreated. The study estimated the prevalence of depression and associated factors amongst adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in a clinic in Jos, using the PHQ-9 questionnaire. Three hundred and fourteen patients with a mean age of 45 ± 10 years were enrolled in a descriptive cross-sectional study. There were 63 males and 251 females, with mean known duration of HIV infection of 11 ± 4 years. Depression was found to be common in the group. Thirty one percent of the patients had depression, and of these, 83 (85%) had mild depression while 12 (12%) had moderate depression and 3 (3%) had moderately severe depression. The factors associated with depression in these patients were analysed using logistic regression. Female gender (P=0.02) as well as age equal to or greater than 45 years (P= 0.03) were shown to be significantly associated with depression. When encountered in such patients, the factors identified to be associated with depression, should serve not only to raise the index of suspicion towards this diagnosis but should also prompt the need to screen for depression. This will contribute to enhancing the chances of diagnosing and treating depression in HIV.},
     year = {2019}
    }
    

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  • TY  - JOUR
    T1  - Prevalence of Depression and Associated Factors in HIV-Positive Adults Attending an Antiretroviral Clinic in Jos, Nigeria
    AU  - Halima Mwuese Sule
    AU  - Patricia Aladi Agaba
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    JF  - Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care
    JO  - Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care
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    PB  - Science Publishing Group
    SN  - 2469-8342
    UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfmhc.20180404.12
    AB  - Clinical depression has been associated with various chronic disease conditions. The chronic course of HIV, fostered by the use of antiretroviral therapy in infected patients, puts them at risk of developing clinical depression which unfortunately, is often underdiagnosed and therefore undertreated. The study estimated the prevalence of depression and associated factors amongst adult patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in a clinic in Jos, using the PHQ-9 questionnaire. Three hundred and fourteen patients with a mean age of 45 ± 10 years were enrolled in a descriptive cross-sectional study. There were 63 males and 251 females, with mean known duration of HIV infection of 11 ± 4 years. Depression was found to be common in the group. Thirty one percent of the patients had depression, and of these, 83 (85%) had mild depression while 12 (12%) had moderate depression and 3 (3%) had moderately severe depression. The factors associated with depression in these patients were analysed using logistic regression. Female gender (P=0.02) as well as age equal to or greater than 45 years (P= 0.03) were shown to be significantly associated with depression. When encountered in such patients, the factors identified to be associated with depression, should serve not only to raise the index of suspicion towards this diagnosis but should also prompt the need to screen for depression. This will contribute to enhancing the chances of diagnosing and treating depression in HIV.
    VL  - 4
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Author Information
  • Department of Family Medicine, University of Jos/Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria

  • Department of Family Medicine, University of Jos/Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria

  • Department of Family Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria

  • Department of Psychiatry, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria

  • Department of Psychiatry, University of Jos/Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria

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